Rail impedance directly affects the transmission performance of track circuit. Considering the condition of earth stratification. it is difficult to calculate the rail impedance due to the semi-infinite integration interval and the oscillation of the integrand by the Carson formula. Then proposing a truncation method which is applied to divide the impedance formula into definite integ... https://www.roneverhart.com/HP-ENVY-TE01-4147c-Desktop-Intel-Core-i7-13700-2-1-GHz-Intel-UHD-Graphics-770-32GB-DDR4-512GB-SSD-1TB-HDD-Windows-11-/